The Learning Environment That Has Been Created For...

The learning environment that has been created is for children ages 6 to 8. It is a kid-friendly environment where children can interact with their peers as well as concentrate on learning. Everything is spreaded out in the class, therefore, the environment is not cluttered. The open space allows the students to concentrate and learn whether in a group setting or by themselves. The furniture is arranged so that they can transition from any location in the room and not feel they are obligated to one area, but free to learn in all areas. The round table has been placed in the center of the room along with the bean bags. The center area will allow them to move around as well as stimulate the mind with reading or games. The child would†¦show more content†¦These skills allow children to test in their own space or in a group setting. The cognitive domain is most effective with the brain than with any other part of the body. The affective domain can be a challenge. The ar ea used to cover this domain would be the drama play area located by the clothes stand or at the computer station. The drama play would allow the students to dress up and pretend to be someone else or just be dramatic and play with the imaginary friends. The area is set aside so that children can be whoever they and try to turn them into something or someone they are not. It is a must for the children to receive a positive feedback during this time of life. Teachers nor parents should not try to force them into being something or someone they are not. Computer time would allow them to surf the web and get positive feedback about what life has to offer, although must be some type of boundaries or guidelines to follow. We must not allow them too much freedom during this time, because they will take advantage of the opportunity. The Piaget Theory is the theory that I used because it is a good theory and it helps children to develop. It helps children to develop cognitive skills through active interaction with the environment. He believed that children learn from their environment and I believe that too. I believe that children learn from what they see and what is around them. Children pick up on what they see and hear that is

Amazon s Financial Reporting Model Essay - 2049 Words

The company I selected is Amazon, Inc.com and it’s considered the â€Å"everything store†. It supply’s consumers with low prices from supplying vendors at a cheaper shipping rate included because of the companies contracts with United States Postal Services and UPS. All companies must follow specific orders and guidelines to do business in the United States. The SEC, or Securities and Exchange Commission, is the government entity that is responsible for looking after the economy by keeping corporations and businesses honest. Each company must file their financial reports to the SEC and have a chance of being audited by the PCAOB, or Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Amazon Inc. com is one of those businesses. Amazon’s financial reporting model has assumptions and principles, there are individuals responsible for overseeing the accounting professions and they must file an annual report as well as a 10-K and 10-Q report, and many disclosures that are available to the public. They base these conditions on how their projections will change in regards to their earnings, cash flow, revenue, and balance sheets. Amazon uses a revenue growth rate, expected tax rate, and gross margin assumption (Harman, 2009). The output of the financial reporting model is driven by these assumptions, using the cash flow and earnings to build figures on the value of Amazon and to make future financial decisions. Management will continue to make the investment, operating, and financial decisionsShow MoreRelatedThe Success Of Alibaba Company Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesAlibaba. Alibaba also benefits from not having any of their distribution centers near so they can keep their prices competitively low. Lastly, it’s also important to note that there are limits in the Chinese market, when it pertains to investment and financial services. 1. 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Tom Brennan free essay sample

The Story of Tom Brennan. Discussion Points. After the tragic accident, for Tom Brennan’s family everything and everyone went downhill for a long time. Tom became noticeably insecure and had a lot of trouble dealing with his own emotions let alone everyone else’s. Kylie became an angry teenager. She didn’t want anything to do with any of her family at first. She couldn’t stand being around them. Tess was neglectful to her family and only cared about Daniel. She was depressed to the point of being catatonic. Kath was bitter and became Kylies ‘surrogate mother’ while Tess was in the state she was in. Fin’s greatest regret was that he survived. Being a paraplegic, he has nothing to look forward to†¦he is forever a spectator. Joe was constantly trying to see things from everyone’s point of view. The whole family became very dependent on him, and his biggest job was keeping the family together. all this texts reflect the experiences, ideas, knowledge and beliefs that are evident in society,and reflected throughout these texts. J. C Burke emphases many themes thought out The Story of Tome Brennan such as fear, relationships and growing up. These thematic concerns are echoed in the related texts thus linking the texts and reflecting how texts may represent society. Fear is a fundamental theme throughout the text The Story of Tom Brennan. Fear becomes an obstacle for tom to move into the world, he feels unsure and paranoid of what his class mates have heard about him and his family. the old man told me that night that Harvey knew about the accident and Daniel and stuff. I didnt feel comfortable about it this conveys the message that tom is both afraid and uncertain of where his new life may take him. The use of flashbacks throughout the novel plays a vital role in conveying the theme of fear. This technique allows the reader to empathise with Tom and stimulate reader’s curiosity thus establishing reader engagement. Similarly kylie faces fear of acceptance within her new school. She reacts differently to Tom and exposes the secrets in a dramatic way. Her changing hairstyle is also representative of her fear and difficulty in facing challenges as they lie ahead. The film Charlie st Cloud directed by Burr Steer, deals with a tragedy similar to the catalyst for change found in Burkes novel. This film explores the perspective if the protagonist Charlie who is involved in a fatal car crash resulting in the death of his younger brother Sam. Gripped by remorse, guilt and fear Charlie abandons his future dreams and becomes the care taker of the waterside cemetery, leaving his friends and future at collage behind. he is tied to the cemetery via the ghostly appearances of his brother Sam, and friends that have ventured into the world and passed away. Charlies fear and withdrawal is evident when the recurring shots of his now abandoned sailing boat is juxtaposed with the possibilities of Charlie changing his life and moving into the world. the boat becomes a symbolic motif for Charlies fear and guilt. Whilst in Burke’s novel the hill becomes a symbolic motive for facing fears and challenges. Facing transitions and dealing with dramatic change has a influencing aspect on family and personal relationships, through the text we see the dynamics of relationships and roles of family shift to meet the needs of each individual as they face the challenge of moving in to the world before them. he manner in which the various members of the Brennan family relate to each other, as well as the horrible situation they are faced with because of Daniels reckless and irresponsible behaviour, are an important part of the text. They remain a united family even though they are faced with an extremely complex situation. Joe Brennan, the father i s pulled in many different directions but seems to be able to keep calm at all times. He visits Daniel and fin on a regular basis, tries to keep tom interested in rugby and is very supportive of his wife Tess, who has become almost catatonic from her grief. he contrasting behaviours of these characters highlights the differences in individuals when they are faced with challenges in their journey of moving into the world. Tracy champans song Fast Car also highlights the challenges and changes required by individuals to move into the world. Throughout the lyrics of this song we are introduced to the personas voice as she recounts the challenges and choices she has faced to move into the world. She chose to leave school to look after her alcoholic father but is astute enough to know that to remain is to die for he is beyond her help. Also throughout the lyrics we are introduced to her partner, and soon realise she is the productive one, the worked, the organiser, the one who access they have nothing to lose because they are both beginning from zero. The use of poetic voice here also shows the transition in time and a growing maturity and list of responsibilities for the persona in the text. Flashbacks like the non-linear structure of burkes text, are also evident within this song; they are used to give information about what she remembers and hoped for. The song explores three time phases, past, present and future which are representative of the young woman’s limited poverty bound existence, hopes and dreams and the final decision that offers her a change to move into the world. Growing up is a recurring theme within the novel ‘The Story of Tom Brennan’ and each character grows and matures though time. Tom matures sexually and his romantic interest in Chrissie is possibly all that is needed for him to lead forward. As he says in the final line of the novel, ‘that was the morning Tom Brennan came back forever’. Tom also shows growth and maturation within his football team. Football symbolises the friendships that Tom acquires in Coghill because once again he is an important member of the team. The ascension hill symbolise toms struggle and his journey, he sees it as a challenge, and though running with Brendan, he becomes better at reaching its peak and subsequently moving into the world. Tess also shows growth within the novel. ‘†one small step for man. One giant leap for mankind†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ cause today for my family, that is what it was like. Tom stating how he felt when Tess got out of bed. This was the beginning of her emotional recovery and the initial transition for Tess to again enter the world after the dramatic crisis faced. growing up and moving into the world is also evident in the film ‘Charlie st cloud’ as Charlie makes a live changing decision to leave his brother Sam behind and chase his future dreams. This is symbolic in his return to sailing. Film techniques which help highlight this are the use of ‘heavenly light as Charlie watches the sunset aboard the boat and makes the decision to leave his past behind. The symbolism of the sun rising reflects this change in attitude. The storm and the violent scenes presented in this scene sequence along with the dramatic and loud music and sound utilised in the scene also highlights the conscious decision for Charlie to change and move into the world choosing the path of his future. You cannot alter the past. Only when individuals move on can they achieve happiness. People encounter different experiences and respond to them differently, this is highlighted throughout the novel ‘The Story of Tom Brennan’ by J. C Burke and related text ‘Fast Car’ by Tracy Chapman and the film ‘Charlie st. Cloud’ by Burr Steer. Themes such as fear, the dynamics of relationships and growing up are all evident within these texts and help show understanding of how characters face challenges and move into the world. Techniques which are used to convey this is flash backs, past and present tense, first person narrative and non-liner structure along with filmic techniques which shape meaning and understanding

Introduction to Game Theory free essay sample

Nobel Prize Citation, 1994: Game theory is a mathematical method for analysing strategic interaction. Problem What is strategic interaction? (Singapore Management University) Introduction to Game Theory Fall 2012 2 / 18 An Example of a Game | Flat Tire Two SMU students, Al and Bob, very con dent about their midterm exam performance in ECON 206, decided to attend a party the weekend before the nal exam. The party was so good that they overslept the whole Sunday. Instead of taking the nal unprepared on Monday, they pleaded the professor to give them a make-up exam. Their excuse was a at tire without a spare and any help. The professor, surprisingly, agreed. On Tuesday morning, the professor placed them in separated rooms and handed them the test. The test had just one question: \Which tire? (Singapore Management University) Introduction to Game Theory Fall 2012 3 / 18 The GPA Rat Race All of you are now enrolled in ECON 206 that will be graded on a curve. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Game Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page No matter how well you do in absolute terms, only 33. 3% of the students will get As, and only 33. 3% of the students will get Bs. Therefore, you must work hard, not just in absolute terms, but relative to how hard your classmates work. All of you are smart enough to recognize this, and after the rst lecture you all hold a secrete meeting where all of you agree not to work too hard. What will happen in the end? (Singapore Management University) Introduction to Game Theory Fall 2012 4 / 18 Why Are Professors So \Mean? Many professors have rigid rules not to give makeup exams and NEVER to accept late homework assignments. Students might think the professors are so hardhearted to behave in this way. The truth is. Most professors are actually very kindhearted (for example. ) They are willing to give their students every reasonable break and accept every reasonable excuse But most professors also know that this is a slippery slope (for example, ) | if they set very exible rules, what may happen? (Singapore Management University) Introduction to Game Theory Fall 2012 5 / 18 Another Example | Strategic Interactions vs. Individual Decision Problems Underlying story: two students (Alice and Bob) are taking a course together. There are three e ort levels for each student: work hard (utility = 5), work sometimes (utility = 2), shirk (utility = 0). Consider the following two grade schemes. Grade Scheme A: A students nal grade only depends on her own e ort level | if a student works hard, she will get an A for sure (utility = 10); if she works sometimes, she will get a passing grade (utility = 5); while if the student shirks, she will fail the course for sure (utility = 0). Individual Decision Problem E ort Level Utility Disutility Net Work Hard 10 5 Work Sometimes 5 2 Shirk 0 0 (Singapore Management University)

Fifth Business Essays - Fifth Business, Leola, Dunstan, Free Essays

Fifth Business Essays - Fifth Business, Leola, Dunstan, Free Essays Fifth Business Robertson Davies novel, Fifth Business, revolves around guilt, competition, and two men who are foils of each other. Although Dunstan Ramsay and Percy Boyd Staunton are parallels to each other, they contrast in a great number of ways. Their awkward relationship plays a significant role in the number of elements which make Fifth Business such an interesting story. While Dunstan Ramsay had never been too interested in competing with Percy Boyd Staunton, Percy from a young age saw Dunny as a rival. When Percys brand new expensive sled isnt as fast as Dunnys, Percy gets angry and throws a snowball at Dunny, which in turn begins the setting for the novel. The two continue to compete throughout the novel, for things such as Leolas love, military recognition, and more. Percys and Dunstans characters contrast in many ways. The most prominent way in which they contrast is their values. Dunstan values spiritual things, while Percy values only material things. Percy is impressed by and yearns for money, while Dunstan could care less about it. Dunstan explains his lack of desire for materialistic things: Where Boy lived high, I lived - well, not low, but in the way congenial to myself. I thought twenty-four dollars was plenty for a ready-made suit, and four dollars a criminal price for a pair of shoes. I changed my shirt twice a week and my underwear once. I had not yet developed any expensive tastes and saw nothing wrong with a good boarding-house. (Page 113) This shows us that where as Percy was in pursuit of money and possessions, Dunstan was concerned elsewhere. Dunstan bluntly states that Percy was materialistic: To him the reality was of life lay in external things, whereas for me the only reality was of the spirit - of mind. (Page 114) Dunstan is in a search for inner truth and spirituality, and Percy is searching for outer beauty and appearances. Another way in which the two contrast is that while Dunstan leaves a lot of events in his life up to chance, Percy wants everyone, and everything in control- in his control. When Percy wants Dunstan to develop some nude pictures of Leola, Dunstan makes the comparison of himself and Percy to the myth of King Candaules and Gyges. There were two possible endings to the myth - one being that Percy would lose Leola to Dunstan. This is shown when Leola later tries to seduce Dunstan at a Christmas party. Although Dunstan and Percy are very much opposites throughout the novel, there is one area in which they are both the same- neither one of them is able to form warm, lasting human relationships. At the beginning of their marriage, Percy is unable to be faithful to Leola, but claims that since he still loves her, the encounters with the other ladies didnt really count. Percy is still unable to be faithful to Leola later on in their marriage, due to his failing efforts to bring up to his standards. When Leola later dies, Percy does not even come home for her funeral. Dunstan is not able to form lasting relationships either. When he refuses to marry Diana, it is because he doesnt want anyone telling him what to do, like his mother did, ever - he wants to be his own person: I know how clear it is that what was wrong between Diana and me was that she was too much a mother to me, and as I had had one mother, and lost her, I was not in a hurry to acquire another - not even a young and beautiful one with whom I could play Oedipus to both our hearts content. If I could manage it, I had not intention of being anybodys own dear laddie, ever again. (Page 88) There are many ways in which Dunstan and Ramsay are parallel, yet contrast each other. The way in which Davies makes the characters foil each other adds excitement and stability to the novel. Dunstan and Percy are perfect best friends, and perfect enemies. Bibliography jamie

Getting a Chinese Foot Massage

Getting a Chinese Foot Massage The Chinese foot massage has been practiced for centuries and is a popular pastime in China. The process consists of a foot bath followed by an intense massage on various pressure points in the feet, ankles, and legs. For many Westerners, a traditional Chinese massage can be painful the first time.   In China, people get a foot massage for a variety of reasons, ranging from getting pampered, to socializing with friends  or treating an injury or sickness. Read on to see if a Chinese foot massage interests you and where to sign up for one! Historical Background The ancient Chinese medical text,  Huangdi Neijing (é »Æ'Ã¥ ¸ Ã¥â€¦ §Ã§ ¶â€œ), has been consulted for more than two millennia. It was written by the Yellow Emperor (é »Æ'Ã¥ ¸ , Hungdà ¬). In the text, the Emperor recommends massage for healing and health. Since then, massages have been incorporated into treatment for medical ailments. They are widely performed in hospitals and massage parlors today. What To Expect During A Chinese Foot Massage While the quality of a traditional Chinese foot massage may vary, it typically begins with being seated on a footstool while soaking the feet in hot water infused with tea and herbs. While the feet are soaking, the masseur massages and kneads a person’s shoulders, upper back, and neck for five to 15 minutes. After, the person is transferred to a comfy lounge chair. Next, the feet are removed from the water and dried off with a towel and then propped up on a footstool. Then, the massage therapist wraps one foot in a towel and then begins to work on the other foot. The massage therapist applies cream or lotion to the foot and then rubs, kneads, pushes, and massages pressure points on the bottom, top, and sides of the foot. The massage is often painful, particularly for first-timers, because it is believed that each part of the foot is connected to a part of the body. If soreness is felt in a particular part of the foot, the theory is that the corresponding part of the body has a problem. After both feet are massaged, hot towels are wrapped around the feet. After the massage therapist rubs the swaddled feet, they are dried. Then, the lower legs and thighs are massaged using kneading, stroking, and pounding motions.   A cup of tea is often served before, during or after the massage. Snacks such as dried plums, nuts, or tomatoes may also be served. Where Can I Get A Chinese Foot Massage? Traditional Chinese foot massages are available in cities large and small throughout China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. Getting a traditional Chinese foot massage is routine and serves as either time for rest and relaxation or as a time to catch up with friends and family. Follow these spa etiquette tips for getting a massage in China. Price A 30 minute, hour-long, and 90-minute foot massage cost about $5-$15 in the East. In the West, traditional Chinese foot massages can be found in Chinatowns and some spas. Expect to pay $20 or more for an hour-long massage and dont forget to tip.

Wind tunnel use Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wind tunnel use - Research Paper Example An aerodynamic force is produced by any body which moves inside a fluid. The component of this force which is perpendicular to the direction of motion is called Lift.On the contrary, the force in the direction of motion is called the drag The Lift force is created according to the hydrostatical theorem of the Archimedes principle. According to this principle, the aircraft will be buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the air displaced by the aircraft. (Milne-Thomson, 1966) An aerofoil is a perfect example to discuss the creation of the lift and the reasons associated with it. An aerofoil is a non-symmetric object and therefore a non-symmetric flow field is created around that object. This non-symmetric flow field also causes an uneven pressure distribution which would not have happened in case of a symmetric object. In the case of the aero foil, the differences in the length of the upper and the lower surfaces and the shape causes the creation of a pressure gradient which resul ts in the creation of the lift force. Source: www.tpub.com The creation of the lift can further be explained using Bernoulli's equation. In a typical aerofoil, the length at the bottom is shorter than the length at the top. Therefore air at the bottom travels slowly to ensure constant displacements of top and bottom. Bernoulli's equation predicts that higher pressure will develop where velocity is slow and therefore the pressure at the bottom will be higher. Thus the upward force will be greater than the downward thrust resulting in the generation of an upward lift. (Munson, 2008) The horizontal component is labeled induced drag. b)Describe how atmospheric parameters ( temperature, pressure, density) affect the generation of lift and drag as an aircraft gains altitude.? The calculation of the lift has a simple formula which is Where  is the lift coefficient, L is the lift force,  is the fluid density, U is the relative speed between the object and the fluid and A is the cross-se ctional area (Munson, Young and Okiishi). This means that the lift coefficient determines the lift force and this coefficient is directly dependent upon the shape of the foil, the fluid properties and the roughness of the surface. Fluid properties include fluid density, viscosity and temperature which contribute to the lift force. The general equation for this is Where Re is the Reynolds Number, Fr is the Froude number, Ma is the Mach number, and  is a measure of surface roughness (Munson, Young and Okiishi) Thus when these external parameters change, the lift coefficient is affected directly which consequentially affects the lift force. Taking temperature to be the first variable, we know that temperature is inversely proportional to density. The aircraft, when it gains altitude, flies at lower temperatures and thus faces an increase in the density of the surrounding air. An increase in air density results in the increase in the weight of the displaced air and thus an increase in the lift force. A contradiction however is the mass of air which is higher near the surface of the earth due to gravity. Thus the density which is dependent upon mass decreases with increasing altitude, resulting in a lower lift force at higher altitudes. When it comes to pressure, it also decreases as the aircraft gains altitude. This is so because the density lowers and the direct effect of this is the reduction in the pressure gradient between opposite surfaces. Again this decrease causes a reduction in the amount of lift force produced. Research a) Describe how drag varies with airspeed and the generation of lift. Drag will always be present on a moving body, even though lift is not produced. What do we call this type of drag and how does shape affect it? As mentioned before, the drag force is the force acting parallel to the direction of motion or the line of symmetry of the object. It normally opposes motion and slows down objects. it is

Social Enterprise Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Social Enterprise - Literature review Example Although studies acknowledge the existence of tensions between social goals and business ventures there is inadequate systematic analysis. The paper addresses the issue by considering tensions arising from social mission and commerce ventures by highlighting their prevalence and differences. The paper also explores the way organizational theories provide insight into tensions; and goes ahead to develop schedule for future research by expanding on the phenomenon. Research in social enterprise has increased because several years ago only a limited number of colleagues recommended scholars to consider social enterprises seriously (Nyssens, Adam & Johnson, 2006). Social enterprises aim at attaining the common good through use of business disciplines and power within the marketplace in advancing social, environmental and human justice (Hines, 2005). Social enterprises are distinguished by the ability to directly address intractable social needs in serving the common good with commercial activity being its strong revenue driver. Although the notion of social enterprises arouse obvious appeal in many, their ultimate influence within the, market place has not yet been established. There are challenges that emerge preventing the concept from attaining its full potential like the bleak economic outlook that decreased availability of investors and credit as well as donors and customers. Although currently there is no comprehensive guidance mechanism f or linking social concerns with capitalism in order to enhance social welfare, the paper establishes a framework of duality by analysing social actions within organizations. The paper begins by grounding the concept within social enterprises; however, the emerging complexity in organizational response to social concerns increases marketplace confusion and unpredictability (Massetti, 2012). Even though the meaning regarding social enterprise is contested, many

University Change Me in 3 Ways Essay Example for Free

University Change Me in 3 Ways Essay If i could have repeated my life, would it be different when something occurring before is substituted for another event? Probably, many trivial things that did nothing to my values and weltanschauung, which would be forgotten at once or a few days later wouldn’t work. Studying in the university, however, deeply changed my life in 3 principal ways that cultivate me to be better man To start with, study in university conveyed to me the methods and value of learning. As most people perceive, the curriculum of university teach us more about the means of learning and the meanings of learning rather than the limited knowledge taught in the class. The methods of learning vary from different people and different major, but the basic method concerns self-studying, which provide me with more specialized knowledge than that supplied in class. When I got used to learn by myself, spontaneously, I comprehended the meaning of learning that a student can sense what he or she should learn more and at a deeper level. For another thing, numerous students leave home to live in a remote area where they have never been before for the first time. Therefore, enrolling in the university taught me to lead a much more independent life than ever before. Lots of â€Å"first-time† issues popped up since I embarked on my daily life of study in university including getting up without being called up by parents, studying in library with self-discipline while others were playing computer games, putting up with awful habits and behavior of roommates, falling asleep in clamorous circumstances and so forth, which add to better characters of me. What’s more, during my junior year, my university offered me a good chance to study abroad as an exchange student at Inha university of Korea. The trip is extraordinary indeed that expanded my outlook, trained my communicating skills, and moreover, improved my ability to handle precipitating incidents. Last, but certainly not the least concerns that university education made engaged me in the progressive pursuit of my future career. What distinct me from a technique-deep worker perhaps concerns how i value holistic education. I became sort of conceited for such a period of time in my major, but when I step higher, I see further. Becoming more competent is a gateway to survive in reality, which seems not enough. Conversely, it is the room for my constant professional growth and career advancement that gain me the sense of fulfillment. The deeper I dove into my major, the more ignorant I found myself to be. â€Å"Stay foolish, stay hungry† is what should be borne in mind life-long. To conclude, the university study unraveling the mystery of surviving the professional fields and achieving accomplishments made me all prepared for the further study and work hereafter, far from being an amateur, which absolutely changed my notion, values and life.

Bipolar Disorder Essay -- Health, Diseases

Mental illness comes in many forms one of the most prevalent forms facing people today is depression. The realm of depression encompasses many different types and forms, some of these are, Seasonal Affect Disorder commonly called SAD, Bipolar Disorder, Postpartum, Chronic Depression, and situational depression to name a few. When many people think about depression they think about a person who is stereotypically down on life. However they don’t see the people who suffer from extreme highs, as well as extreme lows. They don’t see the people who at one point in time can feel really optimistic, and have grad plans. They may be impulsive and make risky choices without thinking about their consequences. The next day they could have problems sleeping, thoughts of suicide, and be very irritable in nature (Segal, 2). These different symptoms are possible signs of bipolar disorder. This papers goal is to explore these highs and lows, the types of bipolar, as well as types of pe ople who are prone to this disease, the types of common behaviors found in people with bipolar, and the kinds of treatment that can be taken. Most people are in there late adolescent to early adult years when they have their first encounter with a bipolar disorder episode. Another prevalent characteristic for those who are diagnosed with bipolar disorder is a genetic link; many people who develop bipolar disorder have an immediate family member with the disease. Many people who develop symptoms of bipolar are misdiagnosed initially due to the confusing onset of symptoms (Segal, 2). Another group of people who strangely enough have a predisposition to bipolar disorder are Americans; Americans bipolar disorder rate is at 4.4%.; whereas, the worldwide rate is at 2.4%... ...nding their lives. I believe that they thought at that point they were only hurting their families by their depressive actions, they probably thought by ending their lives they were making it better for their families. I sincerely hope that one day we will find a way to end the cycle of depression so that no one has to go through the pain that many people all over the world have had to go through when someone decides to end their life. One time in my family was enough two times was two times too many. The best thing you can do as a family member of someone of bipolar is be familiar about the disorder the more you know the more you can do to help should the need arise. One should also familiarize themselves with the warning signs of a possible suicide. I have given a brief introduction to bipolar as a medical condition but there is so much more to know and learn.

Jealousy in the book of Genesis Essay

The first book of the Pentateuch is rife with Jealousy. It seems a peculiar obsession of those writing in the Lord’s name. After all, such sins as murder, adultery and slothfulness seem so much more damaging to our communities and our selves. Why are the jade eyes of jealously given so much attention in the bible’s leadoff book, especially in the story of the second and third men, Cain and his brother Abel. I suspect that jealousy, being a universal human emotion, one which human beings so easily find themselves sinking into, and one which is so obviously coarse and negative, inspired the writers of the bible to bring attention to it’s dangers very early on in their text. Although the instances of jealousy found in the later narratives of Genesis, perhaps those of Noah and Abraham, present more nuanced and complex manifestations of this all too human frailty, the visceral nature of Cain’s crime and the ambiguity of his atonement must first be addressed, as well as the fundamental differences between jealousy among men and man’s jealousy of God. Cain is assigned to be the â€Å"tiller of the ground† (Genesis 4:2 – NKJV) in the garden of Eden. Abel, his younger brother, the second son of Adam and Eve, was given the more genteel task of tending to flocks of sheep. Both made offerings to the Lord, Cain in the form of the â€Å"fruit of the ground† (Genesis 4:3) and Abel â€Å"the firstborn of their flock and his fat† (Genesis 4:4) which God respected. However the next verse, 4:5, reveals that God did not respect Cain’s offering. Why? The Biblical writers, men knowing nothing at all of God’s motivations (not to mention his existence), don’t feel the need to indulge us with God’s motives or criteria for respecting an offering. We do know that he took unkindly to Cain’s â€Å"countenance†, which â€Å"fell† following his rejection. One could easily see how being rejected by God, who hints at some criteria when he says in 4:7 â€Å"If you do well, will you not be accepted? And if you do not do well, sin lies at your door. And its desire is for you, but you should rule over it. † Of course, in the very next verse, Cain, after a brief conversation with his brother of which we are told nothing about, kills Abel. Sin came to his door, in the form of jealousy toward his brother and he acted upon it in the most despicable way possible. The biblical writers are trying to dramatize an emotion and its consequences as effectively as possible. Did Cain feel that his offering was superior to his brothers and that he being unfairly judged by God? That God would not accept his offering, regardless of the quality of his fruit? Without more detail, it’s hard to erect any sort of value judgment, within the Christian Lexicon, on the matter of Cain and Abel. God seems a little overbearing and perhaps bears more than a small share of the guilt for Cain’s jealousy. If Cain had toiled that barren mid-eastern soil simply to praise God, rose day and night for his Lord’s glory, than was it perhaps a bit insensitive on the Lord’s part to reject him. Had Abel provoked Cain in any other way? What did they talk about that faithful day? In what language could they have spoken? As you can see, the first instance of jealousy in the Biblical text leaves more stones unturned and more questions unanswered than not. The story of Cain and Abel illuminates the first instance of intra-human jealousy. From the very beginning however, man was jealous of God. God creates man in his own image and makes him humble and stupid. Adam and Eve we’re simply to be in the Garden, lord of the Earth’s other creatures and stay out of God’s affairs, those that concern the moral and scientific complexities of the world. For as God puts it in Genesis 2:16-17, â€Å"Of every tree of the Garden you may freely eat; but of the tree of knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall surely die. † Later, after man as created Eve, verse 2:25 exclaims â€Å"And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed. † A surface reading suggests that man was meant for to remain in a pure, infantile state. Before man erected society, technology or democracy, man was designed to remain pure of the complexities of morality. Yet Adam and Eve, given the free will God had granted them and a base awareness of good and evil, ironically because of God’s edict to stay far away from the tree which allows one knowledge of such matters, had the ability to choose such knowledge, and with a little persuasion from the villainous serpent, they did. Surely the ways of God are mysterious, but why would he set up man with a series of bizarrely attractive ways to subvert his intentions for their well-being? Eve makes a series of evaluative judgments upon the fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil when she thinks to herself in verse 3:6 â€Å"So when the woman saw the tree was good for food, that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree desirable to make one wise, She took of the fruit and ate. She also gave to her husband, and he ate. † Was God setting up Adam and Eve for the fall when he created the tree in the first place? Hoew else to explain an omnipotent God who willfully creates beings who we’re, despite their naivete, are capable of learning and seeing the virtues of something which their creator had made arbitrarily off limits while simultaneously placing being in their midst whose whole obligation is to tempt them? Certainly the rest of the Biblical narrative depends on the jealousy inspired fall – without it, the rest of the story, which culminates with Jesus sacrificing himself for man’s sins and thus offering him redemption, several thousand year before the Earth is destroyed during Jesus’ rapturous return, could not have been constructed by the Biblical writers. Perhaps, if it is out their God wanted to fall. It is simply man’s innocent jealousy, of God’s wisdom and goodness and perhaps his power to arbitrarily, without fear of reprisal or retribution, horde power over his creations, which drove Eve to follow the serpent’s instructions. The instinct to want what others have is as old as man. Surely the omnipotent clockmaker deity that the early enlightenment era Europeans constructed out of King James’ text was aware of this opposition he was creating. It is, after all, just another part of God’s grand design. Bibliography The Holy Bible, New King James Version, Thomas Nelson Bibles, 1982.

Animal Farm Assignment Essay Essay

â€Å"What methods does Napoleon use in order to gain absolute power and why is he successful?† In the novel Animal Farm, Napoleon uses cunning, treachery, propaganda and a number of other skills to gain, create and maintain power. His efforts to manipulate with lies and powerful vocabulary – in the form of Squealer – are successful, as they confuse the simple-minded animals. When the animals protest, Squealer’s eloquence, combined with the threat of violence makes the animals stop questioning and believe in Napoleon’s leadership. The loyalty and trust the animals have in Napoleon make it easy for him to take advantage of them and rise to absolute power. One of the most important methods Napoleon uses in Animal Farm is propaganda and the spreading of lies. Because Napoleon is not a very good speaker, he uses Squealer, as well as the sheep, to manipulate and convince the other animals whenever they have doubts. With Snowball his competition as leader, Napoleon struggled to make speeches that successfully portrayed his ideas. So, Napoleon trained the sheep to break into their favourite slogan of ‘four legs good, too legs bad’ whenever Napoleon felt the animals needed reassurance. The sheep, however, were not enough support for Napoleon in his efforts to gain control. His main ally was fellow pig Squealer, whose eloquence and ability to ‘turn black into white’ proved the biggest aid in fooling the other animals. With Squealer by his side, it became easy for Napoleon to get exactly what he wanted at the expense of the other animals, who believed the entire time that everything that happened was in their best int erest. For example, at the beginning of Animal Farm, the three pigs Snowball, Napoleon and Squealer start to become greedy by taking all the milk and apples for themselves and they justify this act by saying it’s for the common good of the entire farm. Squealer twists the truth and uses statistics to convince the other animals that it is necessary for the pigs to have these things because â€Å"the whole management and organization of the farm depends on† the pigs. The animals soon come to believe that the pigs are actually being selfless, and not at all greedy. Throughout the novel,  Napoleon broke several of the seven commandments of Animalism. When this happened and animals became suspicious, Napoleon had the commandments altered by adding extra words that would make his actions guiltless. When the pigs moved into the farmhouse and took up residence there, the animals became concerned at the news they were sleeping in beds – which they believed one of the commandments to forbid. When the animals went to check the seven commandments inscribed on the barn wall, it now read â€Å"No animal shall sleep in a bed _with sheets_†. Although no one remembered the commandment had mentioned sheets and the animals were quite puzzled, they accepted these changes to be true. This is an example of Napoleon re-writing history to gain privileges and justify his dictatorial role. He managed to change facts and make the animals believe because they could not remember or think for themselves. Another method Napoleon used to gain control was fear tactics. Napoleon threatened the animals in various ways, both physically and verbally without them realising. The team of vicious dogs that Napoleon had trained to be his â€Å"secret police† were used as an easy way for him to scare the animals on the farm. Whenever another animal questioned Napoleon or even wanted to stand up to him, the simple presence of the dogs would leave them silent and terrified. The mixture of Squealer’s strong words and the growls of his three-dog team were so threatening that the animals would accept any explanation or lie without questioning. For those who even attempted to turn against Napoleon, there were severe punishments. Through the killings and show trials Napoleon eliminates anyone who is likely to threaten his leadership. The others who are killed have angered him in some way and he uses their death as a warning to the other animals not to disobey him. The verbal threat that is made several times throughout the novel is mostly said by Squealer. He constantly threatened the animals that if they didn’t co-operate, â€Å"Jones would come back† and that thought alone scared them into doing anything Napoleon asked. The animals were constantly told how much better things were with Napoleon around and they were so terrified that Jones would come back and make their lives miserable. They did everything Napoleon wanted because they were  fearful of the consequences and what would happen to the farm if they didn’t do as they were told. Napoleon gained complete power through the exiling of Snowball and elimination of competition. When, early on, despite Napoleon’s efforts, Snowball managed to get most of the animals support on the matter of the windmill, Napoleon knew Snowball was a threat to his position. If Napoleon did not do something, Snowball would soon become the unquestionable leader of Animal Farm. So, he god rid of this danger. Using the dogs he had trained in secret, he banished Snowball from the farm. Without Snowball in the picture, Napoleon became the undisputed leader. During the novel Napoleon would turn every situation to his advantage, regardless of whether it hurt others or not. For example, when the windmill topples, he tells the animals that Snowball is the cause and turns every animal against him. From then on he makes Snowball a scapegoat. Whenever something goes wrong, it is immediately blamed on Snowball. This makes the animals feel that they are lucky to have Napoleon instead. It is also an easy way out for Napoleon as it keeps the animals from finding out where the blame really lies. This secures Napoleon’s leadership position as he will not be blamed for anything that goes wrong and this creates the illusion that Napoleon’s ruling is perfect, making him indispensable. Through killing any animals that appose him or threaten his leadership role on the farm, Napoleon strengthens his power over the animals. Napoleon was able to gain such control because he and the other pigs were a lot more intelligent than the other animals on the farm. Because the animals could not read or write, they were very naà ¯ve and Napoleon took advantage of their trust. The animals so desperately wanted the idea of Animalism to work that their commitment and loyalty blinded them to what was really happening. Napoleon’s charisma and intelligence fooled the animals into believing everything he said, although their lives were changing for the worse everyday. In the novel Animal Farm, Napoleon uses any means necessary to fool the naà ¯ve animals surrounding him. His intelligence and charisma made it easy for him  to use propaganda, sneakiness and fear tactics to manipulate his way into power and maintain control over the farm and animals. In the end of the novel, the animals ended up in basically the same position they started because of Napoleon’s ‘reign of terror’.

Free Essays on The Great West And US History

Great West The expectation proved false, for during the next generation, the South became solidly united behind the institution of slavery as new economic factors made slavery far more profitable than it had been before 1790. Chief among these was the rise of a great cotton-growing industry in the South, stimulated by the introduction of new types of cotton and by Eli Whitney's invention in 1793 of the cotton gin, which separated the seeds from cotton. At the same time, the Industrial Revolution, which made textile manufacturing a large-scale operation, vastly increased the demand for raw cotton. And the opening of new lands in the West after 1812 greatly extended the area available for cotton cultivation. Cotton culture moved rapidly from the Tidewater states on the East coast through much of the lower South to the delta region of the Mississippi and eventually to Texas. Northerners rallied to oppose Missouri's entry except as a free state, and a storm of protest swept the country. For a time Congress was deadlocked, but Henry Clay arranged the so-called Missouri Compromise: Missouri was admitted as a slave state at the same time Maine came in as a free state. In addition, Congress banned slavery from the territory acquired by the Louisiana Purchase north of Missouri's southern boundary. The frontier did much to shape American life. Conditions along the entire Atlantic seaboard stimulated migration to the newer regions. From New England, where the soil was incapable of producing high yields of grain, came a steady stream of men and women who left their coastal farmsand villages to take advantage of the rich interior land of the continent. In the backcountry settlements of the Carolinas and Virginia, people handicapped by the lack of roads and canals giving access to coastal markets, and suffering from the political dominance of the Tidewater planters, also moved westward. As more and more settlers penetrated the wilderness, many ... Free Essays on The Great West And US History Free Essays on The Great West And US History Great West The expectation proved false, for during the next generation, the South became solidly united behind the institution of slavery as new economic factors made slavery far more profitable than it had been before 1790. Chief among these was the rise of a great cotton-growing industry in the South, stimulated by the introduction of new types of cotton and by Eli Whitney's invention in 1793 of the cotton gin, which separated the seeds from cotton. At the same time, the Industrial Revolution, which made textile manufacturing a large-scale operation, vastly increased the demand for raw cotton. And the opening of new lands in the West after 1812 greatly extended the area available for cotton cultivation. Cotton culture moved rapidly from the Tidewater states on the East coast through much of the lower South to the delta region of the Mississippi and eventually to Texas. Northerners rallied to oppose Missouri's entry except as a free state, and a storm of protest swept the country. For a time Congress was deadlocked, but Henry Clay arranged the so-called Missouri Compromise: Missouri was admitted as a slave state at the same time Maine came in as a free state. In addition, Congress banned slavery from the territory acquired by the Louisiana Purchase north of Missouri's southern boundary. The frontier did much to shape American life. Conditions along the entire Atlantic seaboard stimulated migration to the newer regions. From New England, where the soil was incapable of producing high yields of grain, came a steady stream of men and women who left their coastal farmsand villages to take advantage of the rich interior land of the continent. In the backcountry settlements of the Carolinas and Virginia, people handicapped by the lack of roads and canals giving access to coastal markets, and suffering from the political dominance of the Tidewater planters, also moved westward. As more and more settlers penetrated the wilderness, many ...

Epithet in Homers Iliad and Odyssey

Epithet in Homers Iliad and Odyssey Usually called an epithet or a Homeric epithet, but sometimes called a Homeric epitaph, it is one of the most noticeable features of Homers Iliad and Odyssey. Epithet comes from the Greek for putting (something) on (something). It is a tag or nickname that can be used on its own or together with the real name, depending on other features of the Greek language. Purpose and Use Epithets add a bit of color and also fill out the meter when the name on its own doesnt quite fit. In addition, epithets serve as a mnemonic device reminding listeners that they have, indeed, already heard mention of the character. The epithets, generally compound adjectives, are picturesque, which certainly helps make the assignment of character to epithet memorable. Examples Most of the important people in the Iliad have a special epithet that serves as an extra name. Athena is the only one described as glaucopis grey-eyed. She is called thea glaukopis Athene goddess grey-eyed Athena and also Pallas Athene Pallas Athena. On the other hand, Hera shares her epithet leukolenos white-armed. Hera does not, however, share the longer epithet thea leukolenos Hera goddess white-armed Hera; nor does she share the epithet bouopis potnia Hera cow-eyed mistress/queen Hera. Homer never calls the Greeks Greeks. Sometimes they are Achaeans. As Achaeans, they receive the epithets well-greaved or brazen-clad Achaeans. The title anax andron lord of men is most often given to the leader of the Greek forces, Agamemnon, although it is also given to others. Achilles receives epithets based on the swiftness of his feet. Odysseus is polutlos much-suffering and polumytis of many devices, crafty. There are other epithets for Odysseus beginning with polu- many/much that Homer selects on the basis of how many syllables he needs for the meter. The messenger goddess, Iris (note: the messenger deity is not Hermes in the Iliad), is called podenemos wind-swift. Perhaps the most familiar epithet is the one used for the passage of time, rhododaktulos Eos rosy-fingered Dawn.

Biodiversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biodiversity - Essay Example Looking at the statistics, it is observed that human population does not follow the logistic growth as compared to the population of other organisms on the earth. Growth of human population has direct bearing on the factors which have significant impact on the life expectancy of man. The population grows exponentially till the resources are available and the life cycle of the man follows a set pattern. Once the resources become scarce, other factors come into force and create conditions that adversely affect the life expectancy of the people. Factors like land, housing, clean air, water and other ecological and biological paradigms create circumstances that limit the exponential growth and defeat the logistics that are used to predict the population growth. Since these factors can be controlled to some extent by the developed countries and population growth can be effectively contained within specified limits. In the recent times, trying to match the carrying capacity with that of population size has resulted in negative population growth in some developed countries like United Kingdom, which has become a major cause of concern. Nature has a strange way of sending messages to the world at large. The earth has a finite size and therefore, the organisms residing on it must ensure that the eco system of the earth is not disturbed drastically. The local, national and international policies must address demographic needs of the region and facilitate resources to match the increasing population. The fast advancing technology and rapid globalization, including local migration, has adversely affected the ecological conditions. The government must implement strategies and plans that can effectively control population growth through birth control measures. The conservation and preservation of natural resources are important part of population dynamics as its sustenance depends on the available

Conglomerate Mergers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Conglomerate Mergers - Essay Example It is rare indeed for such mergers to lead any substantial reduction in competition, solely due to the conglomerate effect. In a few cases, especially if the products acquired, complement the acquirer's own products, "potentially adverse effects can be identified related to so-called 'portfolio power'"2. These are mergers between complementary products, neighbouring products, and unrelated products. A "pure" conglomerate merger involves the acquisition of products that are not related on the demand or supply side. It is a merger in which there is neither horizontal, vertical, complementary nor neighbourhood relationship between the products. Conglomerate mergers involve portfolio power. When the combined market power of a portfolio of brands exceeds the market power of the sum of its parts, a firm is said to have portfolio power. This enables the firm to significantly reduce the competition, as its exercise of market power in the individual markets is much more effective. Portfolio effects could possibly have anti-competitive effects, especially where they affect the structure of the market directly. This increases the possibility of entry preventing strategies and eliminates the competitive restrictions brought to bear upon it by neighbouring markets3. Frequently, customers get an incentive in the form of reduced transaction costs by purchasing from the portfolio of one supplier, where the supplier's firm has many brands under its control due to a conglomerate merger; this is the effect on market structure of conglomerate mergers. If the non - portfolio competitors or competitors who control a few brands do not impose an effective competitive restriction on a firm which has portfolio power, then competition may be reduced to a large extent4. Large conglomerates will usually encourage customers to purchase a range of their products and the result of a conglomerate merger may be that tying or bundling occurs if complementary goods are sold by such firm. This may have adverse effects on competition. Sometimes the predatory behaviour of a conglomerate merger may be feasible when the competition is confined to a small area, thereby enabling firms to face a competitive threat in respect of a few brands or in a few geographic markets at point of time.5 Finally, conglomerate mergers usually facilitate coordination if the merged firm's opponents in one market are also contenders in some of its other markets6. In the case Tetra Laval v. Commission, The European Commission gave a ruling whereby it prohibited the merger of Sidel SA and Tetra Laval BV. Sidel was a manufacturer of stretch blow moulding machines used for packaging liquid foods in plastic. Tetra was a dominant company in the carton-packaging market operating through a related company. Although conglomerate mergers, similar to this one are usually neutral in respect of the competitive aspect, the European Commission was of the opinion that this merger would only serve to enhance Tetra's leverage as in respect of its dominant position in the carton-packaging market. It further, held that this would serve to influence customers using plastic packaging to buy Sidel's machines, thereby foreclosing smaller competitors from the market for those machines. The parties to this merger offered to address the Commission's concerns by entering into certain binding commitments that would preclude the merged entity from engaging in anticompetitive conduct. The

Love Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love - Assignment Example In addition, the program seeks to expand the leadership abilities of individuals through adoption of programs that are focused at bringing change within the community. The program covers education institutions including colleges and universities. Chesapeake Bay Program awards an average of $1 million. In addition, the grant funds 20% of applications. Depending with the financial requirements of a project, Chesapeake Bay Program offers the funds for one year. Individual or institutions in need of grants can access the funds 6 to 8 months after the issuance of the request for proposal. The grant requires that a cost share of 25% of the total costs as stipulated by the project budget (2012-2013 Guidelines for Financial Support Grants). Online or mail applications can be used to apply for Chesapeake Bay Program grant. Source Reduction Assistance Grant Program is another key source of funds. The program covers clubs and organizations, communities groups and local organizations that aim at eradicating the toxic substances used by young people. With an annul award of between $1.1 million-$1.7 million, the program funds 15% of the grant applicant. In addition, projects are funded in annual bases. According to Source Reduction Assistance Grant Program, recipients of the grant should provide 5% of the allowable project cost that can be inform of in-kind contributions such as equipments or in form of cash (Samuel, 2007). Application for Source Reduction Assistance grant can be done online or through mail after which the successful applicants receive Grants between May and

Ap American History Essay Example for Free

Ap American History Essay 1. â€Å"The opponents of the annexation of Texas and the Mexican War attacked slavery as the root cause of expansion, but in fact it was no more important than other causes.† Assess the validity of this statement, using the documents and your knowledge of U.S. history from 1820-1860 to support your answer. During the early-mid part of the 19th century (mainly 1820-1860) Americans objected many things they didn’t like. Taxes, the government, even presidents were some of the rejections of the people. But the one thing the people did not like during this time period was the annexation of Texas and the Mexican War. â€Å"The opponents of the annexation of Texas and the Mexican War attacked slavery as the root cause for expansion.† However, slavery was not the only reason America sought for expansion. Other than slavery, people wanted to expand America because they believed in Manifest Destiny (an idea during the 19th century in which people believed that America should expand over the entirety of North America) or because they feared that Texas was an independent state, even the Gold Rush in California (1848-1855) contributed to the expansion of America. Even though â€Å"the opponents of the annexation of Texas and the Mexican War attacked slavery as the root cause of expansion† the idea of Manifest Destiny, fear, and the Gold Rush were other important causes for expansion. As you may know, slavery was the key reason as to why people wanted to expand America, especially southerners. Abolitionists (people who were against slavery) did not like the idea that the expansion of America was based on slavery, but it was. In Document B it states, â€Å"Texas†¦will strengthen ‘the peculiar institution’ of the South, and open a new and vast field for slavery.† Many southerners wanted Texas to be annexed to America because it would allow the south to have more slave states (states that allowed slavery). However, people feared that if Texas was annexed, slavery would expand everywhere in America, and they did not want that. Document C also talks about slavery. It states that, â€Å"The slave population of America†¦must be increased.† Texas is annexed; it will benefit the South in moving some slaves out of the â€Å"superabundant slave population† and will ultimately improve the living conditions of slaves because they wou ldn’t be as crowded. You see, slavery was an important cause for expansion, but the idea of manifest destiny was just as important. The idea of manifest destiny came about the early part of the 19th century. People who believed in manifest destiny believed that America should be able to expand to the entirety of North America. In Document A, Thomas Hart Benson says, â€Å"†¦the American population has begun to extend itself to the Oregon [Territory]†¦I say to them all, Go on!† People like Mr. Benson want America to expand because they want the world to show the world how prosperous America is. In Document D, John L. O’Sullivan said, â€Å"A population will soon be in actual occupation of California.† In this document, Sullivan was talking about the California Gold Rush (1848- 1855). Since many people on the eastern side of America have been hearing about the sightings of gold in California, many people decided to venture out to California to collect some of it. Thousands of people rushed to California that it was given the term â€Å"gold rush†. The gold rush allowed America to expand itself into California, which was supported by the manifest destiny believers. Document E also talks about the ideas of manifest destiny. It states, â€Å"We ought to have the Bay of San Francisco! Why? Because†¦I think†¦our people [should move there]!† The author of Document E obviously believed in the idea of manifest destiny because he wants to see people in San Francisco, which is in California. The manifest destiny idea helped encourage people to have more pride in their nation, which allowed them to expand from the East coast of America to the West. However, not every idea of expansionism was happy. Others people wanted to expand America because of fear. In Document F it states, â€Å"None can fail to see the danger to our safety and future peace if Texas remains an independent state, or becomes an ally or dependency of some foreign nation more powerful than herself.† After Texas won its independence from Mexico in 1835, Texas could not cede the American Union because it needed to enter America with a free state (a state with no slavery) because of the Missouri Compromise (the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 in which stated that there would be no slavery in the Louisiana Territory above the 36th parallel). Since there were no other states to enter with Texas, Texas had to remain as an independent state for about ten years (1835- 1845). During that time, people urged for a state to enter as a free state with Texas because, since Texas was not a part of America, it could do whatever it wanted. Things like joining a d ifferent nation or starting a war with America were options that were available for Texas. That is why many people wanted Texas to join as quickly as possible. Thankfully, Texas joined with Iowa in 1845. You see, slavery was not the only cause for expansion in America. The idea of Manifest Destiny and fear allowed the expansion of America, even the Gold Rush encouraged people to settle in California, allowing America to expand from the east coast to the west.

Does Money Buy Happiness?, by Don Peck and Ross Douthat :: Money and Happiness Essays

Erika’s sweet sixteen is today, and her parents bought her a brand new car. She pulls into the school’s parking lot and flaunts about how her parents not only got her a car, but also a trip to Italy. People start to walk away, even some of her best friends. As the day goes on, her friends have not talked to her since morning. Fed up, Erika asks them what is wrong. Kristie, one of her friends, tells her how they cannot stand listening to her talk about her ostentatious gifts anymore. When Erika gets home from school, her mom asks her what is wrong. It is then she realizes what her friends were trying to say and tells her mother she does not want the car anymore. Her mother, astounded, asks why not and gets a reply of money cannot buy friends, nor can it buy happiness. According to â€Å"Does Money Buy Happiness,† by Don Peck and Ross Douthat, they disagree with the connection between money and happiness. Happiness is a feeling adults experience when they receive a gift, win something, and various other reasons, but does money buy this happiness everyone experiences? Don Peck and Ross Douthat claim money does buy happiness, but only to a point in their article which originally appeared in the Atlantic Monthly (252). Throughout their article, reasons on why money can sometimes buy happiness are explained. While some of the reasons given are effective, not all are satisfying answers for adults working diligently to make a living. Money is a part of everyone’s life, yet it is not always the cause of happiness. One reason described to be a cause of happiness is income. Don Peck and Ross Douthat indicate how, â€Å"National income appears to be one of the best single predictors of overall well-being, explaining perhaps 40 percent of the difference in contentment among nations† (352). With this statement, comes the explanation of how income can influence happiness in adults who strive to earn a living. Research illustrates how, â€Å"For individual countries, with few exceptions, self-reported happiness has increased as incomes have risen† (Douthat 352). While these two statements provide sufficient evidence for the reason of income bringing happiness, income itself is not relevant.

A Study on the Neuroscience of Learning

The research to be carried out purposes at set uping the importance of neuroscience of larning in instruction and single development ; this means that effectual educational policies and patterns are prepared to give room for all the people to larn despite their acquisition challenges. it besides brings out how the encephalon develop during the childhood phase up to the maturity and the factors that influence their acquisition of which assorted steps may be devised to turn to them, for larning to be of importance to the person and the society as a whole. The research to be undertaken hence, ought to reply the undermentioned inquiries ; -How does neuroscience of larning impact on instruction direction and development? -What are the factors that influence neuroscience of larning? -How can neuroscience of larning be enhanced for larning to be effectual? Neuroscience is a field which deals with the survey of the human encephalon and the nervous system. It besides entails the biological footing of perceptual experience, acquisition, memory and being witting. The nervous system and the encephalon signifier the footing of the human acquisition. Learning on the other manus harmonizing to Koizumi refers to a procedure by which the encephalon reacts to stimuli by doing neural connexion that act as an information processing circuit and supply information storage In contrast, Coffield from the instruction research proposes that larning refers to important alterations in capableness, apprehension, attitudes or values by single groups, organisations or a society. Neuroscience of larning helps the stakeholders involved in instruction sector to come up with sound policies and they can plan a course of study which suits kids harmonizing to the demands. It besides grants an chance for early designation of kids with particular demands and facilitates the proviso of particular instruction in the state. ( Centre for Education Research and invention 2007 ) Neuroscience hence investigates how our encephalons learn, retrieve and maintaining what we learn repeatedly. Fruitious acquisition is influenced by the context provided by category suites and households, the course of study in topographic point and the instructors. Therefore, neuroscience of larning provides elaborate history of how scholars respond to different acquisition attacks and the acquisition methods, and how the environment influences the single acquisition procedure. The more we learn and know about our encephalons, we can utilize the same cognition in bettering the acquisition procedure in larning establishment right from preschool to the university degree.1.2 Specific aims-To set up the impacts of neuroscience of larning in instruction direction and development – To happen out the factors that influences the neuroscience of acquisition. – To happen out ways of enhance neuroscience of propensity.1.3 Research inquiries-How does neuroscience of larning impact on instruction direction and development? -What are the factors that influence neuroscience of larning? -How can neuroscience of larning be enhanced for larning to be effectual?2.0 THE LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 The encephalon development in neuroscience of larningHuman encephalon develops otherwise throughout his/her life clip that is from childhood to adulthood. Changes in human encephalons influences larning and as such different thing can be taught at different period in life.2.1.1 At the early phase of lifeThis is a suited age for larning because of the undermentioned grounds attributed to the encephalon: the procedure of synapses fabricating and neuron connexions is go oning at a higher in kids than during maturity. In this phase synaptic pruning occurs and as such this makes larning possible for the immature kids as there are a batch of alterations in their encephalons. Sniping and synaptogenesis have been coined from researches done on monkeys which show that these procedures occur early plenty in kids meaning that when a kid is three old ages old, it means that it is a good clip for larning. Second, it is the period in which a kid can larn a peculiar accomplishment or develop certain abilities. This explains why immature kids can bring forth and articulate words clearly than grownups since immature kids involve motion, memory and their ocular rudimentss that are learned of course. Last, are the effects of the improvished and enriched larning environment for illustration schoolrooms. The improvished environments are known to impact cognitive and nervous development.2.1.2 Brain development at the vernal phaseNeuroscience shows that the encephalon continues to develop even during adolescence period. This development occurs in largely in the parietal cerebral mantles and the bow portion where the synaptic pruning does non get down until after this period. Another alteration happening in these encephalon parts is the myelination which is the procedure of where axons relay the messages from and to the nerve cells and besides they become insulated medulla which is a fatty compo nent found in the encephalon. The insularity of the nerve cells increases its efficiency of relaying information in the encephalon. in these parts myelin procedure additions bit by bit throughout the period and besides to early adulthood easing the addition in the velocity of communicating of the neurals in these parts of the encephalon. Synaptic pruning continues to happen and as such it gives the teens the possibility of hive awaying batch information in their head because they activate many parts of their encephalons when larning equations in mathematics for illustration the algebraic 1s2.1.3 Brain development in the grownup phaseChanges happening are non much as those during childhood, the encephalon will go on to develop and alter even if there is addition in age. In this phase, the encephalon becomes less elastic and it commences losing the nerve cells at a faster rate. The neurogenesis besides occurs in one part of the encephalon significance that it is good prepared for unin terrupted acquisition and makes it able to accommodate to new state of affairss, twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours happenings and experiences that may hold important impacts to life.2.2 Factors act uponing neuroscience of larning2.2.1 The environmentHarmonizing to researches that have been done earlier, fostering of the encephalon plays a centre function in the acquisition procedure. It has besides provided the educationalists the information on the appropriate timings for different scholars set abouting assorted materials. Therefore, the procedure of fostering encephalons is non the same for every scholar because of the varied familial make- ups and the surrounding scholars are exposed to. The acquisition encephalon is hence, dependant on these two factors since it readily adapts to an environment easy. There is a close-link between the encephalon construction and the experiences it comes across. Experience is known to do alterations in the construction of the encephalon which in bend impacts on the effects that the predating experience has on the encephalon, this explains why there is single larning difference in our society which comes as a consequence of cumulative and uninterrupted interactions between the encephalon familial make up and the surrounding. The surrounding in which a scholar is exposed to impact the look of cistrons related to larning throughout 1s ‘ life-time. The end point therefore, affects the subsequent experience- elicit familial look. It is in this mode that each independent encephalon accumulates structural foibles which has impacted on the acquisition procedure, intending that it is hard to come up with an ideal environment for each scholar. Therefore, the acquisition environment is of great significance as it shapes the acquisition procedure. By understanding emotional and physiological procedures, educational and developing programmes can be designed to help in development of emotional intelligence so as to heighten larning capacity of the encephalon. It besides adds to specifying age appropriate schemes for modulating emotions. This means that parents and instructors embark on a pang lupus erythematosus environment for the scholars to grok and show their emotions clearly.2.2.2 Personal factorsThe esthesis and perceptual experience elements of a human being affect 1s larning, since the centripetal variety meats are the gateway of comprehending stimulations within the environment and acquisition. Therefore, if a scholar has a defect in one these centripetal organ larning because hard, for person who has a hapless oculus sight means that he/she can non cook clearly. Second, fatigue besides decreases encephalons ‘ efficiency in acquisition and has such if one is tired hold oning something is trouble. This is accompanied by ennui which makes one non to hold that impulse of larning. Third, neuroscience of acquisition is influenced age and adulthood of the person, kids can larn at earlier age than others and increase the age means that a scholar can work out jobs and can modulate his/her emotions. Fourthly, demands affect neuroscience of larning since there are basic demands which kids can make without. For illustration, nutrient, fondness and acknowledgment, without these turning kids are affected in a figure manner which deter them from larning and alterations their normal behaviour. Starving hapless kids concentrate less on larning than their opposite numbers who have sufficient nutrient. Last, motive has a human factor influences neuroscience of larning since it is the Centre of larning which drives a scholar to make something now and once more. When scholars are adequately motivated, larning is directed and engages pupils to activities which result in a uninterrupted acquisition.2.3 Contributions of neuroscience of larning towards instruction.From research workers done, instructors say that neuroscience of larning contributes to the apprehension of the schoolroom since instructors are enthusiastic about larning. It leads to the apprehension of the encephalon constructs and other constructs of larning. Neuroscience of acquisition has made instructors to understand and develop involvement in the figure of scholars holding psychological jobs, growing and development jobs. Guy Glaxaton suggested that instruction has been an unbarred field because of the dangers of enthusiasm. He said that educational jobs have to be justified and is to be done must be rationalized. the concerns of other educationalists is that they see that there is demand for moderateness between sense of cautiousness and the optimism that each stakeholder in the instruction sector has, this is for the acquisition to something of value. In general neuroscience of larning aids in job resolution. It provides the necessary information to the edifice of the educational theories and pattern. This is attributed to the fact that behavioural scientific discipline entirely is non equal plenty to used in finding if the development dyslexia is a upset of the primary ocular or that emanating from the phonological facet of the acquisition. On other manus, neuro-imaging which is a constituent of neuroscience of acquisition has aided in uncovering the reduced activation for the scholars with dyslexia job in the encephalon that supports the processing of the phonemics hence perpetuating behavioural mentioning of the phonological theory of dyslexia. Therefore, for kids or scholars with this job who receive good educational intercession may stop up altering. The activation forms of their encephalons may alter and look like those of people with no encephalon upsets. In relation to this, the encephalon parts may besides move as mechanisms for compensation. This assists instructors and other educationalists to understand that even if scholars holding dyslexia job better their behaviours, cognitive and nervous response by which they process written information still may be different taking to practical deductions on the given instructions during the learning procedure. There is clear groundss that neuroscience of acquisition is important in the linguistic communication development, mathematics and other facets of acquisition and literacy. Language is a cardinal thing in the production of unwritten work and academic attainment. Children who have linguistic communication jobs pose challenges on the readying of the educational policy and its execution in a state. The earlier these jobs are noticed the earlier the intercessions are made to help the acquisition environment particularly the schoolroom for it to ease linguistic communication development, which an indispensable constituent in kids ‘s live. Without proper educational intercessions it means that the person, the parent and the state ‘s ‘ economic system is affected negatively.DecisionFrom the literature reappraisal neuroscience of acquisition is a cardinal field which affects single acquisition and the instruction policies in a state. Neuroscience of larning reveals the impo rtance of the encephalon in the acquisition procedure and its development through homo ‘s growing. Neuroscience has hence helped educationalists to turn to the demands of kids with developmental jobs. The factors that influence neuroscience of larning have different impacts on the acquisition procedure and as such remedial steps have to be taken to heighten or to extinct their influence for larning to be effectual.

Night World : Huntress Chapter 3

Jez burst through the door and turned immediately into the small library off the front hall. Her uncle was sitting there at his desk, surrounded by built-in bookcases. He looked up in surprise. â€Å"Uncle Bracken, who was my mother? How did my parents die?† It all came out in a single rush of breath. And then Jez wanted to say, â€Å"Tell me the truth,† but instead she heard herself saving wildly, â€Å"Tell me it's not true. It's not possible, is it? Uncle Bracken, I'm so scared.† Her uncle stared at her for a moment. There was shock and despair in his face. Then he bent his head and shut his eyes. â€Å"But how is it possible?† Jez whispered. â€Å"How am I here?† It was hours later. Dawn was tinting the window. She was sitting on the floor, back against a bookcase, where she'd collapsed, staring emptily into the distance. â€Å"You mean, how can a vampire-human halfbreed exist? I don't know. Your parents never knew. They never expected to have children.† Uncle Bracken ran both hands through his hair, head down. â€Å"They didn't even realize you could live as a vampire. Your father brought you to me because he was dying and I was the only person he could trust. He knew I wouldn't turn you over to the Night World elders.† â€Å"Maybe you should have,† Jez whispered. Uncle Bracken went on as if he hadn't heard her. â€Å"You lived without blood then. You looked like a human child. I don't know what made me try to see if you could learn how to feed. I brought you a rabbit and bit it for you and let you smell the blood.† He gave a short laugh of reminiscence. â€Å"And your little teeth sharpened right up and you knew what to do. That was when I knew you were a true Redfern.† â€Å"But I'm not.† Jez heard the words as if someone else was speaking them from a distance. â€Å"I'm not even a Night Person. I'm vermin.† Uncle Bracken let go of his hair and looked at her. His eyes, normally the same silvery-blue as Jez's, were burning with a pure silver flame. â€Å"Your mother was a good woman,† he said harshly. â€Å"Your father gave up everything to be with her. She wasn't vermin.† Jez looked away, but she wasn't ashamed. She was numb. She felt nothing except a vast emptiness inside her, stretching infinitely in all directions. And that was good. She never wanted to feel again. Everything she'd felt in her life-everything she could remember-had been a lie. She wasn't a huntress, a predator fulfilling her place in the scheme of things by chasing down her lawful prey. She was a murderer. She was a monster. â€Å"I can't stay here anymore,† she said. Uncle Bracken winced. â€Å"Where will you go?† â€Å"I don't know.† He let out his breath and spoke slowly and sadly. â€Å"I have an idea.†

Lost Foam Casting Essays

Lost Foam Casting Essays Lost Foam Casting Paper Lost Foam Casting Paper LOST FOAM CASTING ABSTRACT: The Report presents some theoretical and practical aspects regarding the casting of alloys in lost foam moulds. The stages of the procedure, the economic benefits and several ecological aspects are synthetically presented. KEY WORDS: casting, alloys, lost foam process, Expanded polystyrene Introduction The lost foam casting process offers several advantages over conventional sand casting processes, such as simplified production techniques and reduced environmental waste due to binder system emissions and sand disposal. The process is well-suited for castings with complex geometries, tight tolerances, and smooth as-cast surface finish requirements. When the castings are designed to fully exploit these advantages, cleaning and machining times are dramatically reduced if not completely eliminated. Therefore, the lost foam casting process is viewed as a value-added process rather than a substitute for sand casting. Lost foam castings are produced by pouring molten metal into a foam pattern contained in a flask filled with loose sand that is compacted through vibration. Generally speaking, a foam pattern is coated with a refractory slurry and dried before being placed in the flask and surrounded by large grain fineness sand. The foam pattern degrades immediately after molten metal is introduced, leaving a casting that duplicates all features of the foam pattern. The degradation products are vented into the loose sand. In lost foam casting process, mold filling, thermal transport, and solidification are strongly influenced by the foam pattern degradation. There are three phenomena which are inherent in lost foam casting process: slow molten metal flow, reducing atmosphere, and degradation products. The first and second phenomena help reduce oxides or slag defects. The last one, however, may become casting defects if they remain in the cast parts. To improve lost foam casting design, it is ssential to understand the interactions between the foam pattern and molten metal as well as the displacement of degradation products. History The first patent for an evaporative-pattern casting process was filed in April 1956, by H. F. Shroyer. He patented the use of foam patterns embedded in traditional green sand for metal casting. In his patent, a pattern was machined from a block of expanded polystyrene (EPS), and supported by bonded sand during pouring . This process is now known as the full mold process. In 1964, M. C. Flemmings used unbonded sand for the process. The first North American foundry to use evaporative-pattern casting was the Robinson Foundry at Alexander City, Alabama. General motors first product using these processes was the 4. 3L, V-6 diesel cylinder head, which were made in 1981 at Massena, New York. A study found in 1997 that evaporative-pattern casting processes accounted for approximately 140,000 tons of aluminum casting in the United States. The same survey forecast that evaporative-pattern casting processes would account for 29% of the aluminum, and 14% of the ferrous casting markets in the near future. Definition Definition| A casting process whereby the pettern is made of polystyrene foam and is vaporized when the mold is fill with molten metal| Lost form consist of first making a foam pattern having the geometry of the desire finish metal| Expanded polystyrene casting use a mold or sand park around a polystyrene pattern that vapourizes when the molten metal is poured into the mold| Evaporating pattern casting (lost foam) : this process is also know as lost pattern casting under a trade name â€Å"full mold process†, it use a polystyrene pattern which evaporate upon contact with molten metal to form a cavity for the casting| Lost foam casting, where the mould cavity is filled with polystyrene foam (the ‘full mould’ process) , is a special case. | What is â€Å"Lost Foam†? The Lost Foam casting process originated in 1958 when H. F. Shroyer was granted a patent for a cavity-less casting method, using a polystyrene foam pattern embedded in traditional green sand. The polystyrene foam pattern left in the sand is decomposed by the poured molten metal. The metal replaces the foam pattern, exactly duplicating all of the features of the original pattern. Like other investment casting methods, this requires that a pattern be produced for every casting poured because it is evaporated (â€Å"lost†) in the process. Schematic of lost for casting Process The essential steps of the lost foam casting procedure are: 1) The execution of patterns, 2) Execution of moulds 3) casting the alloy. Execution of Patterns: A pattern is made from  polystyrene foam (Expanded Polysterene), which can be done many different. What is Expanded Polystyrene? Expanded Polystyrene in its broadest sense is a rigid cellular plastic which is found in a multitude of shapes and applications. Raw Material Manufacturing: Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is the most commonly used foam pattern, it can be produced by bead pre-expansion into polystyrene (PS) beads that are ready for moulding. PS precursors are formed from ethyl benzene through an aluminum catalyst with benzene and ethylene obtained from crude oil and natural gas [Shivkumar, 1994]. Ethyl benzene is then converted to styrene at high temperature with nitrogen gas and iron catalysts. It forms polystyrene when exposed to a peroxide catalyst and polymerized in a water solution [Goria et al. , 1986]. These unexpanded beads have a density of 600 g/l (38 pounds per cubic feet (pcf)) and they are expanded 20~50 times with heat at 100 oC until the desired density is reached [Kanicki, 1985]. Polystyrene (PS) MOLECULAR FORMULA: The C=C double bond in each monomer is transformed into a C-C single bond in the polymer. | Properties: ease of forming, clarity, low heat transfer, good thermal insulation. Density: 1. 03-1. 06 g/ccStatistic: In 1999 PS usage as a plastic bottle resin was essentially nil. | Description: Polystyrene can be made into rigid or foamed products. It has a relatively low melting point. Packaging applications: Plates, cups, cutlery, meat trays, egg cartons, carry-out containers, aspirin bottles, compact disc jackets Recycled products: Thermal insulation, light switch plates, egg cartons, vents, rulers, foam packing, carry-out containers Raw Material Manufacturing: Expanded Polystyrene (foam)  is obtained from expandable polystyrene (beads), which is a rigid cellular plastic which contains an expansion agent. Expandable polystyrene is therefore obtained from oil as can be seen from the diagram. The EPS Manufacturing Process is inextricably linked with the process described in the last section, which brought us from the oil well to expandable polystyrene, now we will see what happens in the transformation process that leads us to Expanded Polystyrene foam parts. We have seen that the raw material is obtained through a chemical process. The next process involves the use of physics and the conversion process is carried out in three stages. 1st stage   PRE-EXPANSION: The raw material (beads)  is heated in special machines called pre-expanders with steam at temperatures of approximately 215-f. The density of the material falls from 40lbs/cu ft to values of usually between 1 ~ 2lbs/cu ft. During the process of pre-expansion the raw materials hard beads turns into cellular (foam) plastic beads with small closed cells that hold air in their interior. 2nd stage   INTERMEDIATE MATURING AND STABILIZATION: On cooling, the recently expanded particles form a vacuum in their interior and this must be compensated for by air diffusion. This is how the beads achieve greater mechanical elasticity and improve expansion capacity, something very useful in the following transformation stage. This process is carried out during the materials intermediate maturing in aerated silos or mesh bags. The beads are dried at the same time. 3rd stage   EXPANSION AND FINAL MOLDING: During this stage the stabilized pre-expanded beads are transported to molds where they are again subjected to steam so that the beads bind together. In this way large blocks are obtained block molding   (that are later sectioned to the required shape like boards, panels, cylinders etc. ) or products in their final finished shape shape molding. Execution of moulds and casting alloy The basic steps to the process include: A foam pattern and gating system are made using a foam molding press * The foam pattern and the gating system are glued together to form a cluster of patterns * The cluster is coated with a permeable refractory coating and dried unde r controlled conditions * The dried, coated cluster is invested in a foundry flask with loose, unbonded sand that is vibrated to provide tight compaction * The molten metal is poured on to the top of the gating system which directs the metal throughout the cluster and replaces the foam gating and patterns * The remaining operations such as, shakeout, cut-off, grinding, heat treat, etc. are straightforward and similar to other casting processes. The series and major steps in lost foam casting (LFC) What metals can be poured in the Lost Foam process? Generally, all ferrous and non-ferrous materials can be successfully cast using the Lost Foam process. Because the foam pattern and gating system must be decomposed to produce a casting, metal pouring temperatures above 1000 °F are usually required. Lower temperature metals can be poured, but part size is limited. In addition, very low carbon ferrous castings will require special processing. What size range of parts can be produced by the Lost Foam process? Lost Foam castings can be produced in most all metals from a fraction of a pound up to thousands of pounds. Slightly more advanced techniques are used for very large castings. What type of tooling is required and at what cost? Typically, tooling is composed of a split-cavity machined aluminum die that is the negative mold from which the foam pattern is produced. The tooling is highly specialized and must be constructed by experienced tooling manufacturers familiar with the requirements of the foam molders and foundries. Most tooling for Lost Foam patterns will compare favorably with permanent and die cast tooling. Prototype and simple tools may be in the $3000-5000 range while high-end tooling for complex or very large parts can be in the several hundred thousand dollar range. As a result of the materials used and the process stresses, Lost Foam tools can be expected to have 3 to 4 times the cycle life of permanent mold or die casting tools. What lead times can be expected when ordering a Lost Foam casting? As with all processes, lead times vary greatly depending on part complexity. Generally, 8 to 16 weeks is typical for completed tooling and first castings produced. After casting approval, 6 to 12 weeks is typical for production run startup. Rapid prototyping methods can produce castings in as little as 2 to 3 weeks. What size range of parts can be produced by the Lost Foam process? Lost Foam castings can be produced in most all metals from a fraction of a pound up to thousands of pounds. Slightly more advanced echniques are used for very large castings. What is the cost of using the Lost Foam process? Lost Foam castings are generally more expensive than forged parts, or parts made by other casting processes. The value inherent in the Lost Foam process v ersus other processes is seen in tighter tolerances, weight reduction and as-cast features which all results in less machining and cleanup time. Many castings that require milling, turning, drilling and grinding can be made in the Lost Foam process with only . 020† . 030† of machine stock. It is imperative that the features to be cast are discussed by all parties to determine the net finished product cost. What quantities need to be made to make the Lost Foam process practical? The answer, simply, is not as many as you would think. Tooling amortization is a key factor in this determination. Potential overall savings for your application will aid in your decision. Generally, 500-1000 pieces per year is the minimum production run to be economical. Prototyping runs, however, may be as few as 3-5 pieces for Fabricated Foam patterns or 20-100 pieces for Quick-Cut CNC machined aluminum tooling. Application Lost foam casting  is used mostly for automotive applications. Cast iron, aluminum alloys, steels, nickel and in some cases stainless steel and copper alloys are cast in this process. The flexibility of LFC is useful in making complicated casting assemblies for automotive and other metal cast like cylinder heads, weldments, pump housing, Manifolds for automobile, machine bases, automobiles of product produce from lost foam casting glmmarine. com/ManifoldArticle. html Superior Marine Manifolds Agricultural Equipment Part / Farm Machinery Part Product Description Detail Feature: Product Name: Agricultural equipment part / Farm machinery part   Materials: Grey iron, Ductile Iron, High Chrome iron, resistent ironcarbon steels, alloy steels, stainless steels, High Manganese steel   Items: FOB NingBo or Shanghai Place of Origin: Ningbo, China Software for specification drawings: PDF, Auto CAD, Solid work, JPG, ProE   Main production equipments: Wax injection, CNC-machine, machine-center, Heat treatment Furnace lost foam casting for yacht gas piping Specifications 1). lost foam casting 2). reliable product quality 3). on time delivery 4). excellent after-sale service 5). 3D design It is designed for the yacht or the ships gas exhaust piping. Materials: pig iron 250 Surface treatment: galvanizing, and spray-paint Weight: 19. 5 KG Color: black Process: lost foam casting Dimensions:360mm*167mm*102mm Certificate: ISO9001:2000 Advantages * Foam is to carve glue and manipulate Can be used for precision castings of ferrous and non-ferrous metals of any size. * Fewer steps are involved in lost foam casting compared to sand casting. * Core making is eliminated. * Binders or other additives and related mixing processes are eliminated. * High dimensional accuracy can be achieved and thin sections can be cast (i. e. 3 mm). * There is lower capital investment. * The flasks used are less expensive and easier to use because they are in one piece. * The need for skilled labor is reduced. * Multiple castings can be combined in one mould to increase pouring efficiency. * Lower operating costs can be achieved for appropriate castings. Complex castings, particularly internal sections, which require high dimensional accuracy and have thin sections, can be produced very cost effectively in comparison with to conventional sand moulding processes. * Fettling and machining is minimized due to high dimensional accuracy and the absence of parting lines or core fins. * The shakeout process is simplified and does not require the heavy machinery required for bonded sand systems. * High levels of sand reuse are possible. As little as 1-2% of the sand is lost as a result of spills. Periodically a portion of sand may need to be removed or reclaimed to avoid the build-up of styrene. * Complex components can be formed where other casting processes would require multiple components to be assembled. Excellent dimensional tolerances for precision casting. * Lower production cost than traditional Green Sand casting. * Castings can be made from 1 pound up to thousands of pounds with no size limitations. * Lost Foam is an environmental ly friendly process. * The sand is un-bonded and can be recovered and re-used at a low cost. * There is lower capital investment. Disadvantages * pattern costs can be high for low volume application * patterns are easily damaged or distorted due to their low strength. If a die is used to create the patterns there is a large initial cost * The pattern coating process is time-consuming, and pattern handling requires great care. Good process control is required as a scrapped casting means replacement not only of the mold but the pattern as well. What type of tooling is required and at what cost? Typically, tooling is composed of a split-cavity machined aluminum die that is the negative mold from which the foam pattern is produced. The tooling is highly specialized and must be constructed by experienced tooling manufacturers familiar with the requirements of the foam molders and foundries. Most tooling for Lost Foam patterns will compare favorably with permanent and die cast tooling. Pr ototype and simple tools may be in the $3000-5000 range while high-end tooling for complex or very large parts can be in the several hundred thousand dollar range. As a result of the materials used and the process stresses, Lost Foam tools can be expected to have 3 to 4 times the cycle life of permanent mold or die casting tools. What â€Å"as-cast† tolerances can be expected? Typically, a linear tolerance of +/-. 005 inches/inch is standard for the Lost Foam process. This tolerance will vary depending on part size, complexity and geometry. Subsequent straightening or coining procedures will often enable even tighter tolerances to be held on critical dimensions. A targeted effort between the foam pattern producer, the casting producer and the casting user will often result in a Lost Foam casting that substantially reduces or completely eliminates previous machining requirements. Diameter Tolerance 0-1 in. [ or -]0. 007 in. 1-3 in. [ or -]0. 15 in. 3-6 in. [ or -]0. 025 in. In the case of diameters split by glue lines, 0. 005-0. 010 in. should be added dependent on foam size. Linear Tolerance 0-2 in. [ or -]0. 005-0. 10 in. 2-5 in. [ or - ]0. 010-0. 20 in. 0-5 in. with glue lines [ or -]0. 025-0. 035 in. Flatness Tolerance Area 3 x 3 in. [ or -]0. 007 in. Area 10 x 10 in. [ or -]0. 015-0. 020 in. More than 10 in. [ or -]0. 030-0. 050 in. Flatness can be affected by the foam, foam geometry, molding cycle control and foam removal. True Position Tolerance 0-2 in. 0. 025 in. 2-4 in. 0. 030 in. 4-10 in. 0. 030-0. 60 in. 10 in. 0. 080 in. Limitations 1. For low volume applications, the pattern costs are relatively high, therefore in order to increase the substantial economic benefits and decrease the pattern costs, only bulk quantities should be produced. 2. Due to their low strength, the patterns are very easily damaged and/or distorted. 3. There is a very high initial cost if a die is used to create the patterns. 4. The coating process is very time consuming as the pattern handling requires great care. Design considerations: Ensure that there is adequate material: Insufficient material usually leads to incomplete castings in the manufacturing of parts. It is important to calculate the volume of all areas f the casting while also accounting for shrinkage. Consider the Superheat: Superheat is the temperature difference between the metal at pouring and freezing. An increase in the superheat can increase the fluidity of the material for the casting, which can assist with its flow into the mold. Insulate Risers: The riser should be the last to solidify because it is the reservoir of molten material for the casting. Therefore insulating the top will greatly reduce cooling in the risers from the steep temperature gradient between the liquid metal of the casting, and the room temperature air. Consider V/A Ratios: V/A ratio represents the volume to surface area ratio. In casting, sections with low volume to surface area will solidify faster than sections with higher volume to surface area. It is therefore important to consider the V/A ratios in order to avoid premature solidification of the casting and the formation of vacancies. Heat Masses: Sections of the casting with low V/A ratios should be located further away from the risers as this will ensure a smooth solidification of the casting. It is important to avoid large heat masses in locations distant to risers. Sections of the Casting: A heavy section should not be fed through a lighter one. In the manufacturing process, the flow of material is very important. Prevent Planes of Weakness: After the solidifications of castings, columnar grain structures pointing toward the center develop in the material. This causes the sharp corners in the casting to develop a plane of weakness. This is prevented by rounding the edges of sharp corners. Reduce Tubulence: Turbulence is bad because it traps gases in the casting material and causes mold erosion. It can be reduced by the design of a gating system that promotes a more laminar flow of the liquid metal. FUTURE EPF can safely be incinerated and will yield only carbon dioxide and water if the procedure is handled correctly, but the trend has been to recycle it wherever possible. EPF can be recycled into  concrete,  egg cartons, office products, foam insulation, and garbage cans. Unfortunately, only one percent of the 11 billion kilograms of EPF thrown away each year is being recycled. The National Polystyrene Recycling Company, which consists of seven major corporations, including Amoco, Dow, and Mobil, plans to increase this to 25 percent by 1995 by focusing on big users of EPF- fast food outlets and college dining establishments. Since the Montreal Protocol of 1988, new research has focused on ways to reduce CFC use, and on developing alternative blowing agents that will not harm the ozone layer. Recent developments include a process that uses pressurized carbon dioxide to produce smaller, more uniform cells. These in turn provide a foam that is stronger and smoother than earlier foams. All this will bring us an uns are U. S. Department of Energy and metal casting industry industries of the future (IOF), University of Alabama-Birmingham and over 30 universities and industry partners. This strategy has significantly improved the use of LFC in the past years. Emphasis is based on universities research with strong industry participation. The direct results of LFC researches are quickly applied by these positioned partner industries and results from the various applications are evaluated and analyzed. 2. Another strategy used is introducing hundreds of students to metal casting industries were they are well trained and becomes more innovative bringing latest technical knowledge and processes. this has tremendously improve state-of-the-heart technology in improving LFC in the past years. 3. Material(s) selection requires a specific type of manufacturing process(s) and different type(s) of casting techniques. The casting materials specific heat as well as that of the mold material will be influential in controlling the thermal gradients in the system. e. g. melts  fluidity and flow. A material high heat of fusion will take longer to solidify and may improve flow characteristics within the casting. 4. Gases being expelled by the material during solidification can be eliminated by a proper venting system in the mold. This can be planned out during the manufacturing design phase of the casting process. WAYS TO IMPROVE LOST FOAM CASTING 1. Development of computational fluid dynamics tool for modeling the blowing and steaming of expandable polystyrene (EPS) pattern for lost foam casting(mathematical tool). it allows analytical approach to systematically design EPS pattern molds that produces higher quality pattern with reduced lead-time and expense. arena-flow. com 2. Reduction of porosity and fold defects has improve production efficiency, mechanical properties and marketability of lost foam casting. 3. The combination of LFC with 3DP (three dimensional printing) to eliminate machining of mold contours and manual process of drilling and finishing steam holes, i. e. repeatedly printing thin layers of bonding materials on a thin layer of powder to build up a tool(mould) shape from computer-aided design(CAD) 4. Complex and detailed passages and other features are cast directly e. g. oil galleries, crank case ventilation channels, oil drain back passage, coolant passage etc are cast directly into cylinder blocks 5. The use of Flow Particle Image Analyzer to analyzed the wet slurry (prior to its application on the foam pattern) by measuring ceramic particle size and shape. 6. Single and multiple air gauge developed for rapid determination of pattern dimension 7. Compaction gauges were developed to measure sand density in cavities during pattern compaction 8. Distortion gauge to determine when and under what conditions pattern distortion occurs during compaction 9. Developed procedures to measure liquid absorption characteristics of liquid pattern pyrolisis 10. Developed instruments to measure gas permeability 11. X-ray radiography was developed to measure time of fill and also to inspect casting qualities and defects in LFC. Material selection is another way to improve the capability for example: * Certain materials react, (particularly in a molten state), a certain way with other materials they may encounter during the casting process. This should always be a consideration. For example liquid aluminum will react readily with iron. Iron ladles and surfaces contacting the molten aluminum can be covered with a spray-on ceramic coating to prevent this. * When selecting a specific type of manufacturing process, remember that certain materials are more applicable to different types of casting techniques than others. * The casting materials specific heat will as well as that of the mold material will be influential in controlling the thermal gradients in the system. Different materials will factor heavily on the melts  fluidity * A material high heat of fusion will take longer to solidify and may improve flow characteristics within the casting * When manufacturing a casting an alloy that freezes over a tempe rature range problems may occur due to the solid phase interfering with the liquid phase -both of which will be present within the temperature range. To help reduce this problem an alloy with a shorter solidification temperature range may be selected to manufacture the casting with. Or select a mold material with a high thermal conductivity, which could reduce the time spent in this range by increasing the cooling rate. Conclusion using the method of casting by lost foam patterns, we can obtain pieces for industry and ornamental elements / applied art, with complex layouts and different sizes, without the danger of offsetting * using the method of casting by lost foam patterns we can obtain pieces with weights between a few kilograms and tenths of tones, with wall’s width between 1 mm and 50 mm, made of different alloys: ferrous (cast iron and steel) and non ferrous (basic alloys of Al, Cu, Mg); * using the method of casting by lost foam patterns we can obtain pieces with a l ow consumption of materials and energy; * The method of casting by lost foam patterns can be used also for: structural changes and superficial alloying of the pieces; obtaining composite materials with powders insertion and the guidance of hardening by using some active powders, internal coolers or exterior coatings. The gases resulted from the thermal destruction of the polystyrene are toxic for the human being and can generate negative effects on the environment, aspect which imposes the obligation of maintaining under control both the evacuation in the working environment as well as the evacuation in the atmosphere. REFERENCES Design for manufacturability handbook   By James G. Bralla , McGraw-Hill Professional, 1999 Technology ; Engineering Energy research at DOE, was it worth it? : energy efficiency and fossil energy research 1978 to 2000, National Academies Press, 2001 Business ; Economics Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems  By Mikell P. Groover, John Wiley and Sons, 2010 Technology ; Engineering A textbook of manufacturing technology: (manufacturing processes)   By R. K. Rajput, Firewall Media, 2008 Technology ; Engineering John Campbell, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003   Technology ; Engineering   technalysis. com/lost_foam_casting. aspx http://civil-engg-world. blogspot. com/2011/02/polystyrene-ps. html achfoam. com/Lost-Foam-Casting-Process. aspx madehow. com/Volume-1/Expanded-Polystyrene-Foam-EPF. html alibaba. com/product-gs/411205184/lost_foam_casting_for_yacht_gas. html? newId=411205184;pn=1;pt=10;t=12;cids= http://nb-pft. en. made-in-china. com/product/HMZxTjlJqEDn/China-Agricultural-Equipment-Part-Farm-Machinery-Part. html nyserda. org/programs/industry/CaseStudies/lost%20foam. pdf